https://un-pub.eu/ojs/index.php/gjbem <p align="justify"><strong>Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues (GJBEM)</strong> is an international, multi-disciplinary, peer-refereed journal which aims to provide a global platform for professionals working in the field of business, economics, management, accounting, marketing, banking and finance and scholars and researchers to share their theoretical, empirical and practical knowledge on current issues in the area of business, economics and management.</p> <p><strong>Basic Rules</strong></p> <p>1) The Author of the correspondence must be one of the <strong>article authors</strong>. Other than the authors, no one else can submit the article. <strong>It is immediately rejected</strong>.</p> <p>2) Make sure that issues about publication ethics, copyright, authorship, figure formats, data, and reference formats have been appropriately considered.</p> <p>3) Ensure that all authors have approved the content of the submitted manuscript. Once a manuscript has been submitted, no author changes, additions, or reductions can be made. In that case, the manuscript will be <strong>rejected at any stage</strong>.</p> <p>4) An author can publish a maximum of two articles per year.</p> <p>5) Manuscripts submitted to the GJBEM Journal should neither have been published before nor be under consideration for publication in another journal or conference.</p> <p>6) An article can have a maximum of six (6) authors.</p> en-US <p><strong>The Global Journal of Business Economics and Management: Current Issues </strong>is an open-access journal. The copyright holder is the author or authors. Licensee: Birlesik Dunya Yenilik Arastirma ve Yayincilik Merkezi, North Nicosia, Cyprus. All articles can be downloaded free of charge. Articles published in the Journal are Open-Access articles distributed under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY license [Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)].</a></p> gjbem.editor@gmail.com (Andreea Claudia Serban) bdcenter.editorial@gmail.com (Daniel Sekyere-Asiedu) Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300 OJS 3.3.0.8 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 https://un-pub.eu/ojs/index.php/gjbem/article/view/9608 <p>National innovation systems are recognized as key drivers of economic growth, particularly in developing economies. Human capital and research and development are fundamental pillars supporting the effectiveness of these systems. This study evaluates the contribution of human capital and research and development to gross domestic product through a systematic review of prior research and empirical validation. The systematic review indicates that labor force participation and research expenditure positively influence gross domestic product, while educational investment exhibits a long-term impact. To provide a comprehensive understanding, the study employs a Cobb-Douglas production function model using World Bank data from 2000 to 2023. Empirical results reveal that both research and development and human capital have statistically insignificant effects on gross domestic product growth. These findings highlight the need for greater policy attention on strengthening human capital development and research capabilities by increasing research funding, fostering collaboration among innovation system actors, and implementing strategies to enhance the availability of skilled and educated personnel across sectors for sustainable economic growth.</p> <p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong> Economic growth, human capital; innovation system; research and development; systematic review.</p> Sisay Tola Yadete, Birku Reta Entele, Junseolc Hwand Copyright (c) 2025 Sisay Tola Yadete, Birku Reta Entele, Junseolc Hwand http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://un-pub.eu/ojs/index.php/gjbem/article/view/9608 Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300 https://un-pub.eu/ojs/index.php/gjbem/article/view/9555 <p>This study examines the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance risk disagreements on the annual average level and volatility of daily stock returns. By employing a proxy for rating disagreement based on ESG risk ratings from two leading providers, the analysis reveals that ESG disagreements significantly increase stock return volatility. This finding remains robust across different methods of measuring rating disagreement. Furthermore, industry-adjusted ESG rating disagreement is shown to exacerbate volatility. Addressing a gap in the literature regarding the effects of ESG risk disagreement on stock market behavior, this study enhances understanding of how inconsistencies among ESG rating agencies influence financial markets. The research utilizes a filtered sample of 1005 publicly listed firms with available ESG ratings, focusing on data from the most recent year. The methodology combines cross-sectional analysis and volatility modeling to ensure rigorous examination. The findings provide critical insights for investors, emphasizing the necessity of evaluating differences in ESG assessments when making investment decisions. These results also underscore the broader implications for asset pricing and risk management in financial markets. </p> <p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>:</em> Asset pricing; ESG risk; rating disagreement; stock returns; volatility</p> Diana Mihaela Sandu Copyright (c) 2025 Diana-Mihaela Sandu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://un-pub.eu/ojs/index.php/gjbem/article/view/9555 Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300