New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences

The globalisation process has brought with it economic imbalance. The global economy offers employment and applications for employment in labour markets, which is not only limited within international boundaries but even crosses them. This situation is one of the outstanding factors that expedite migration. According to recent developments in labour markets, immigrants work in economically fluctuating sensitive sectors which lead to increase in unemployment, poverty and social exclusion. The rise of unemployment rates, increasing international migration, decline in the phenomenon of a welfare state and the rise in social problems points to the concept of social exclusion. In this study, increase in the migration rate and its relation to social exclusion and policies is discussed. Migration focused social exclusion concept and reasons and results of migration are searched and observations are made related to this


Introduction
Although wealth and development have emerged with the globalisation process, issues such as inequality, insecurity, injustice, discrimination, social exclusion, poverty and immigration have increasingly deepened.Implemented neoliberal policies have brought about significant changes in the meaning and scope of conventional social policy; in this sense, new concepts have begun to be discussed in the international and multidisciplinary dimensions.Emerging with a wide range of immigration cases, the 'social exclusion' concept -a large segment of interest -has been located in the focus of social policy debate in recent years.
Today, increased immigration with different reasons and along with its problems is among the most important agenda in almost every country.Although social exclusion may seem like a new concept, it is a concept that we know in terms of subject content and cover.Because social exclusion covers basic social policies such as poverty, unemployment, social protection, inequality, discrimination and is associated with them, it has become the most important concept of economic, social, political debate and public intervention issues.
In the light of these statements, immigration, its causes and social exclusion will be related and the problems and solutions will be discussed.

Concept of social exclusion and migration
Migration is an act of individual and mass displacement of people or of substitution of living places because of economic, social and political reasons.Whether short term or long term, these displacement movements mostly occur as a form of 'internal migration' in the same social system.Sometimes, due to their unique circumstances, they emerge among the social systems as a form of 'external migration (emigration)' (Tekeli & Erder, 1978, 17).
Migration is not a static phenomenon, it is a process perceived with its causes and consequences.The elements of time and space, cause and result, being a process more than a static phenomenon make complicated defining, measurement, analysis, disclosure, interpretation of the migration in the sense that are both theoretical and empirical (Icduygu & Sirkeci, 1999, 249-250).In order to better understand migration, the socio-economic structure should be well known.Because migration events do not occur independently from the socio-economic structure, they are one of the indicators that reflect the structural changes in the economy in the best possible way (Uner, 1974, p. 9).
In general, if we look at the concepts related to international migration issues with negative perceptions, migration refers to all the movements of the people within a given country (internal migration) or between countries (emigration).Registration of the immigrant population is defined as the floor of the birthplace (foreign nationality) or nationality (foreigners).Legally, the individual who legally abandons his country on request, mostly because of economic reasons and lives in another country (with the permission of the authorities) in the framework of regulations by logging on that country, is called an immigrant.Immigrants are classified with freedom of movement, work, family reunification, refugees or under one of the different categories.(https://data.oecd.org/migration/permanent-immigrant-inflows.htm).
For illegal immigrants, measures to protect them are not taken in the country where he goes, but for refugees and asylum seekers, they are taken.Also, while only the repatriation process is administratively made for illegal immigrants, for refugees and asylum seekers, one of the administrative procedures such as refoulement, ensuring social harmony or placement in a third country is applied (Deniz, 2014, p. 177).For immigrants going to another country for different reasons other than the countries where they are, a certain amount of time must pass in terms of adapting to the social life in the country they emigrate to.In this process of adaptation, they face social and economic poverty and deprivation and they are exposed to social exclusion.
In the 1960s, the social exclusion concept started to be voiced for the first time in France and was used for expressing disadvantaged groups in society, in the 1980s, it started to be discussed with inequality, poverty and unemployment facts (Del Castillo, 1994, 164).
Social exclusion refers to the dynamic process of being partially or totally deprived from social, economic, political and cultural systems of all, providing the social integration of individuals in society (Walker & Walker, 1997, p. 8).Some segments of society face with social exclusion phenomenon by being deprived of basic processes connecting people to the community and the world such as employment, health and education services, cultural activities, participation in social-institutional decision-making processes.One of the most exposed parts to social exclusion and the risk of social exclusion is primarily workers in the labour market and in the informal sectors and then, in precarious jobs, women at risk of poverty and unemployment, youth, children, the elderly, the disabled and immigrants.

Relationship between social exclusion and immigration
Caused by neoliberal policies, the increase in long-term unemployment with new social crises, reducing social protection as a result of the state's withdrawal from the labour market confront large segments of society with the phenomenon of social exclusion (Erdogdu, 2004).In the 1990s, with regard to the solution of problems, especially developed countries focus on excluded and prevention and mitigation policies of exclusion.Immigrants with immigration phenomenon commonly experience social exclusion based on poverty, especially in financial difficulties size.The most common reason for migration constitutes financial difficulties.Therefore, immigrants are also both new and foreign, and are poor.Migrants are labelled as 'immigrants' and hence they are unable to enter into a variety of areas, including labour markets, and they eventually fall into poverty.
Among the groups discussed in social exclusion, immigrants have an important place and for migrants to experience exclusion and inclusion in which they live is carried out with much debate over citizenship issues.These models address the integration of immigrants on the basis of citizenship of the society they live in are not valid for all immigrants with an increase in the number of cyclical and illegal immigrants in course of time.Because of a significant illegal increase, undocumented or socalled irregular migrants and the number of illegally immigrants in a country are revealed in recent years.These old integration models may be applicable to only a particular section of social exclusion of the immigrants (Dedeoglu, 2011, p. 30).
The main feature of the social exclusion experienced by irregular migrants is to drop in illegal situation because of their countries from legislation.Legal status of migrants leads them to live and work in high risky conditions and precarious environments.They agree to work even in the worst conditions presented to them in order to earn their living.In this case, the immigrants become physically open to all kinds of risks coming from their employers.Additionally, irregular migrants are excluded from health and education facilities in many countries (http://picum.org).Organized International Convention is limited on the application only to certain countries and they admit the applicable national legislation for irregular migrants worldwide.Because this legal system determines the status of immigrants in the country, it creates the most basic mechanism of immigrants' exclusion.The dynamics of social exclusion faced by immigrants is directly connected to migration regime in the country they live.This regime both determines the legal status of immigrants in that country and also forms the framework of their social exclusion.

Migration and social exclusion in Turkey
In the 1990s and later, qualitative changes and transformations over the map of Turkey's global migration have begun to emerge.When examining the causes of these changes, the most important one is that Turkey is not an emigration country; it is an immigration country and employs immigrants.After the Second World War, largely immigrant workers were sent to countries such as Germany, and Turkey became a transit pass country status for immigrants who want to go to Europe, especially in the process that began in the late 1980s.After the 1990s, with the collapse of Russia, the number of foreign workers in various sectors in Turkey visibly increased.This situation has made Turkey a country that imports labour from the position of exporting labour (Icduygu, 2004;Lordoglu, 2005;Toksoz, 2006).
Towards the end of the 20th century, the impact of globalisation in almost every area, especially the nation-state, has reshaped international migration.These immigration processes, which are different from each other, their source and destination areas, besides their size, dynamics, migration profiles, causes and consequences, redefines Turkey's international migration regime (Yakar & Temurcin, 2013, p. 218).
On the external dimension of migration, because of recent political developments and continuing civil war since 2011, the large number of asylum seekers from there is known to be in Turkey.It is seen that since November 2014 the number of 1.065 million registered Syrian refugees has reached 2.291 million figures as of 10 December 2015 (UNHCR, 2016).
Recently, Turkey has risen to sixth place among countries hosting the most refugees worldwide with Syria refugee movements.However, Turkey confronts with a significant increase in their individual asylum applications beyond the mass influx of Syrians.According to the UN Refugee High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Turkey in accordance with 45,000 applications in 2013 has risen to the fifth place by increasing by an order of ten, when in 2010 it was in the 15th place among industrialised countries admitting individual asylum applications in the world (UNHCR, 2013).Finding such a high number of asylum seekers, especially in a region with very limited possibilities in terms of housing and employment as the south-eastern Anatolia in Turkey, occurring especially in the labour market housing, health and negative consequences for the social structure seem inevitable.The average unemployment rate in the provinces of the region is 13.5% according to TSI data (TSI 2012).The number of Syrian people with work permits is 1,659 (Erdem, 2014, p. 48).In this sense, in order to support to UNHCR protection measures and to facilitate access of urban and public services and assistance to Syrian refugees, it has announced that it will be continued to work in close cooperation with the Government of Turkey (UNHCR, 2016).

The foreigners who have entered the country legally and have residence or work permits:
If the time exceeds one year of legal residence in Turkey in case of being not insured in their territory, from this date they are counted the insured by General Public Health Insurance (GPHI) and have started to benefit from health services.GPHI premiums for foreigners with permission to work in Turkey regardless of the one-year period as of the date they start to work are paid as indistinguishable from Turkish citizens and they benefit from health system.
The foreigners who have logged into Turkey but have lived or worked without residing or work permit: utilisation of health services on their own account can be possible only in the event of payment of fee.In particular, there are data about these expenses are met by themselves of foreign workers in the country or their employers (Etiler& Lordoglu, 2010, p. 96).
Finally, refugees and the stateless can benefit from services, but together with the adoption of this status SSI is reported to be universal health insurance by Ministry of Interior (Gazete, 2006).
Immigrants who are thought to increase the problems of unemployment and employment of Turkey should be directed to work quickly with compatible professions.Illegal immigrant status will make these people open to all kinds of exploitation, oppression and without social security work.This also will lead to an increase in informal employment and social exclusion.

Migration and social exclusion in the world
Although there were many different reasons at each time and in the history of immigration, an important reason can come forward for immigrants to request to leave their country in order to ensure a better quality of life for themselves and their families.The nature of the increase in immigration and mobility are often closely related to the changes occurring in the labour markets of developed countries.
As it is known, labour migration to Western Europe is regular and often formal structure and has begun after the Second World War and also has increasingly taken on a regular basis until the mid-1970s.In this way, meeting the workforce needs of the country after war can be achieved by importing immigrants.After this period, trend of the labour migration has entirely continued in four different ways, including through legal means.The first of these is to work with family reunification way, others are to leave work of workers with high-level qualifications, work in the time investigated the demands of asylum seekers and refugees and finally Some Reflections on Irregular Migration and Labor Market occurred because of immigrant students' education.Irregular migrants, outside from this group show willingness to participate in the most intense job markets, try to remain in the country using means that can be considered contrary to the laws of the country from which they come.This situation clearly shows that immigrants are exposed to social exclusion in all fields.After the 1980s, especially in developed countries, the quality of migration changed and the migration phenomenon had immigrants searching for different and newer ways of entering a country.
Globally, migration movements caused by internal conflicts and political changes put some of the immigrants participating in this case effort into continuing to search with refugee or asylum position outside their own countries with vital reasons.OECD data shows a 13% reduction in the number of immigrants in the Member States between 2011 and 2007.Despite this, the number of refugees and asylum seekers has increased only in Turkey and Greece between the years 2001 and 2011.http://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=MIG&lang=en The second important element carried by the irregular labour migration in terms of Western European countries is the changes occurring in the country which has immigration and emigration.A part of the countries (Italy, Greece, Spain and Portugal) exporting formal labour migration in an era have come to the position countries importing labour as a result of changes occurring in their labour market since the 1990s.Moreover, considering that the free movement of labour in EU members of these countries and between them, the size of the change arises.The most intense sectors of foreign employment in these countries are the services sector and these sectors are common in terms of the most formal economy.http://www.npdata.be/BuG/165-NV-A-migratie/0ECD-Migration-Outlook-2012.pdf

6.Conclusion
As in developing countries, fundamental changes in the labour market and labour relations lead to issues relating to the scope of social protection in terms of population and the risks in developed countries, too.Reduction of social policy arrangements for the labour market and instead, starting to giving importance of their business priorities, increase in informal employment, being considered as a competitive advantage to limit labour costs depending on the increased employment in small and medium sized enterprises fulfilling the labour-intensive production process, increase unregistered employment.
When conditions in the labour market and inappropriate social protection programs lead to exclusion more than social protection, between areas located in certain social groups especially immigrants are negatively affected by exclusion.The acquisition of economic, social and political benefits expected from the social protection is directly connected with covering all society and providing the appropriate level of protection.
The countries signing United Nations International Convention for the Protection of the Rights of Migrant Workers and their Families admit guaranteeing immigrants' certain rights regardless of they are legal or illegal provided having lived or worked in that country in a period of time (Kofman, Phizacklea & Sales, 2000).However, these contracts are of a very symbolic than real.This contract was signed by 32 countries including Turkey in 2007, but the countries signing it are countries that immigrate in general, there is no country from Western European countries signing the convention (Dedeoglu, 2011, p. 31).
Although it is known that a proper system of social protection is indispensable element of social justice, that a social protection system which is inadequate in terms of scope and level of protection is clear that fosters social injustice instead of providing social justice.When insufficiencies related to coverage meet with change in experiencing of social protection systems, lead to the violation of social justice.On the other hand, broadening the scope of the social protect on system cannot be seen as only increasing the number of people benefitting from social protection.As expanding the scope in terms of people, the diversity of the risks covered are also important.The main aim is to provide a sufficient and appropriate level of protection against all risks revealing income insecurity to all members of the society (Kapar, 2006, p. 230).
In developing countries, political and legal guarantees may not be enough to provide all the promises of citizenship.In either context, when a new group comes from outside in a community assumed to be built into there, this segment of the population cannot be taken up to community at the desired level and exclusion problems come to the surface.So, the experience of migration, immigration and financial difficulties mentioned emerge as the most common phenomenon showcasing the exclusion spiral.The most common reason for migration poses to financial difficulties.Therefore, immigrants are both new and foreign, and also they are poor.The people migrating are excluded for being 'immigrant' (Sapancali, 2003(Sapancali, /2005, p. 52, p. 52) and hence they are unable to enter into a variety of areas including labour markets and they eventually fall into poverty, they have to live a different dimension of social exclusion because of their poverties.
In conditions of increased insecurity, requirements for developing the scope of social security have become more important than ever.Social protection deficit, deficit in the protection of human with more realistic expression, is one of the world's most tangible measures of instability.World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization has mentioned that the current globalisation model is morally unacceptable and politically unsustainable.Dissemination of social security is the main factor in making the globalisation process fairer and redresses the imbalances that occur in this process.
Thus, reduction of social exclusion by ensuring solidarity and social justice can be achieved.As a result, today the most important concepts in the field of social policy, social exclusion is used for defining individuals who cannot integrate into society and is a broad concept more than the poverty and also the fight against social exclusion aims to be part of a community of individuals again.

Table 1 . UNHCR planning figures for Turkey in 2015 UNHCR planning figures for Turkey in 2015 * Type of population
PoC planning figures in this table are Syrian Arab Republic and Iraq in developing state of the light is based on the tendency and record data in early 2014, updated projections for Syria to be presented any upcoming appeal for additional requirements in 2015 and 2015 and regional refugee and resistance Plan (including 3RP) Iraq situation. *