Assessment of persistent organic pollutants in water samples from River Challawa in Kano, Nigeria
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study was aimed at assessing the levels Persistent Organic Pollutant in Challawa River Basin of Kano State, Nigeria. The investigation was particularly plan to assess the presence of PCBs and PAHs in River Challawa and compare the concentrations of the pollutants with the acceptable limit set by Nigerian Standard and other international regulatory agencies. Data were collected using reconnaissance survey; laboratory experiment as well as other secondary data sources. A total of 26 water samples were collected through stratified and systematic random sampling. Three sampling points were chosen and designated A, B and C along the stretch of the river from Yan Danko Bridge to Tamburawa bridge. The result shows that Polychlorinated biphenyls were not detected but polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in all the samples analyzed using GCMS. The total concentrations of PAHs in the water samples range between 0.001 to 0.087mg/l. The analytical results revealed that most of the pollutants present in water were at significantly very high levels especially at Zamawa village situated very close to Challawa industrial estate - the major sources of effluent discharge point, making the drinking water around area is not fit for consumption. In conclusion, it can be said that industrial activities had impact on Challawa River basin and its environment. It is recommended among others that the industries should treat their effluents before releasing them into Challawa river basin.Â
Â
Keywords: persistent, organic, pollutant, challawa river, Nigeria
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
World Journal of Environmental Research is an Open Access Journal. All articles can be downloaded free of charge. Articles published in the Journal are Open-Access articles distributed under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
References
Adeyemi, D., Grace, U., Chimezie, A. & John, P. U. (2009). Polychlorinated Biphenyl in Fish Samples from Lagos, African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(12), 2811-2815: Lagoon, Nigeria Retrieved January 16, 2013 from: http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2000). Toxicological Profile for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
Al-Rashdan, A., Murad I. H., Helaleh, A., Nisar, A., Ibtisam, A., & Al-Ballam, Z. (2010). Determination of the Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Toasted Bread Using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2010 Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/821216
Anonymous (1999). The Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) and Organochlorine Compounds (OC) in Ambient Arctic Air Atmospheric Environment Service. Conor Pacific Environmental Technologies Inc. M3H 2V2. January, 2 Tippett Road Toronto: Ontario.
APHA, W. (2005). Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 21th Edition: In Methods for the Examinations of Waters and Associated Materials General Principles of Sampling and Accuracy of Results. Her Majesty s Off., London: England
Derek, M., & Sverko, E. D. (2003). Analytical methods for PCBs and Organochlorine Pesticides In Environmental Monitoring and Surveillance: A Critical Appraisal. Retrieved January 1, 2014 from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0765-y
Duffus, J. (1990). Environmental Toxicology, London: In Arnold. C. L. (1981). The Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Human Reproduction, E. Current Data on The Chemical, 7, 134-9.
European Commission (2009). Retrieved May 06, 2013 From Global Data database: http://www.ec.europe.eu chemicals
Illinois (2009). Fact Sheet. Department of Public Health Division of Environmental Health 525 W. Jefferson St. Springfield, IL 62761, 217-782-5830
Retrieved March 11, 2013 from: http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/factsheets/fishpam.htm
Kim, A., & Vane, C. (2007). Simultaneous Determination of PAHs and PCBs by GCMS Analysis. British Geological Survey Internal Report, IR/07/045, 9pp.
Langer, P. (2005). Persistent Organochlorinated Pollutants (POPs) and Human Thyroid, Endocr Regul, 39, 53–68.
NESREA (2007). National Guidelines for Effluent Limitations, Gaseous Emissions, and Hazardous Solid Waste Management for Industrial in Nigeria, National Environmental Standard Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA): Nigeria.
Soyombo, R. (2000). 25TH Management of POPs in Nigeria An Emerging National Issues, Federal Environmental Protection Agency: Nigeria
USEPA (2004). Polychlorinated Biphenyl Inspection Manual. Office of Compliance Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (MC 2224-A): Washington, D.C. 20460, Retrieved January 16, 2013 from: http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/monitoring/manuals.html
USEPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (2008). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) — EPA fact sheet, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development; Washington, DC
WHO (2008). Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Children's Health and The Environment WHO Training Package for The Health Sector. World Health Organization, July 2008 version. Retrieved January 16, 2013 from: www.who.int/ceh