Pragmatic comprehension development in intermediate Japanese learners: A longitudinal study

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Tomoko Hotta
Ryan Spring

Abstract

This paper examines how L2 Japanese pragmatic comprehension of hedged indirect speech develops in intermediate second language learners and investigates the impact of social contact on acquisition. A longitudinal study was conducted using accuracy scores, reaction times from pragmatic listening tests, and learner self-reports. Qualitative and quantitative analyses suggest that (1) more accurate and faster processing of indirect speech intentions is associated with longer stays in the target language environment, and (2) learners develop accuracy in comprehending indirect speech intentions before they improve processing speed. The results also indicate that both the quality and frequency of social contact play important roles in acquiring pragmatic comprehension skills, as learners with more intensive social contact show greater improvement. These findings support the idea that pragmatic competence development is closely related to language socialization.


Keywords: comprehension skills; implicatures; L2 Japanese; longitudinal study; pragmatic development

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How to Cite
Hotta, T., & Spring, R. (2026). Pragmatic comprehension development in intermediate Japanese learners: A longitudinal study. Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 16(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v16i1.9726
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