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Comparison of the Advanced Theory of Mind Skills in Turkish Children with Autism and Typically Developing Children
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Aug 2, 2017
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2017-08-02
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Abstract
Theory of mind (ToM) has been applied in an attempt to explain the social impairments that characterize children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, an examination of several Turkish ToM studies revealed that ToM belief tests often have been used inappropriately to assess typically developing (TD) children and those adult versions of the Eyes Test and other ToM tests have been used inappropriately to assess adults with psychiatric disorders. Among the studies examined, none had used advanced ToM tests such as the Eyes Test and the Strange Stories Test to compare TD children and children with autism. The objective of this study was to examine the ToM levels attained by children with autism and TD children between the ages of 7 and 13 years, using the advanced ToM Strange Stories and Eyes tests. Compared with ASD children, TD children achieved higher scores on the Eyes and Strange Stories tests.
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Gİrli, A. (2017). Comparison of the Advanced Theory of Mind Skills in Turkish Children with Autism and Typically Developing Children. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 9(2), 305–316. https://doi.org/10.18844/ijlt.v9i2.1156
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Baron-Cohen, S. (1991). Do people with autism understand what causes emotion? Child Development, 62(2), 385-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01539.x
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00715
Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C. & Robertson, M. (1997a). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38 (7), 813-822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Jolliffe, T. (1997b). Is there a "language of the eyes"? Evidence from normal adults and adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Visual Cognition, 4(3), 311-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713756761
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? Cognition, 21(1), 37-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8
Bayramoğlu, M., & Hohenberger, A. (2007). “The development of Theory of Mind in Turkish preschoolers.†Poster presented at the 13th European Conference on Developmental Psychology, Jena, Germany, 21-25 August 2007.
Begeer, S., Rieffe, C., Terwogt, M. M., & Stockmann, L. (2003).Theory of mind-based action in children from the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(5), 479-487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025875311062
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Brent, E., Rios, P., Happe, F., & Charman, T. (2004). Performance of children with autism spectrum disorder on advanced theory of mind tasks. Autism, 8(3), 283-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361304045217
Bruner, J. (1983). Child's talk: learning to use language. Oxford: Oxford , University Press.
Charman, T., Ruffman, T., & Clements, W. (2002). Is there a gender difference in false belief development? Social Development, 11(1), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00183
Cheung, H., Chen, H-C., & Yeung,W. (2009). Relations between mental verb and false belief understanding in Cantonese-speaking children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 104(2), 141-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2009.05.004
Dorris, L., Espie, C., Knott, F., & Salt, J. (2004). Mind-reading difficulties in the siblings of people with Asperger’s syndrome: Evidence for a genetic influence in the abnormal development of a specific cognitive domain. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(2), 412-418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00232.x
Ekman, P. (1994). Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: A reply to Russel’s mistaken critique. Psychological Bulletin, 115(2), 268-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.268
Fisher N, Happé F. (2005). A training study of theory of mind and executive function in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders; 35(6), 757-771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-0022-9
Frith, U., & Happé F. (1994). Autism: beyond "theory of mind". Cognition. Apr-Jun; 50(1-3), 115-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8
Flobbe, L., Verbrugge, R., Hendriks, P., & Krämer, I. (2008). Children’s application of theory of mind in reasoning and language. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 17(4), 417-442, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10849-008-9064-7
Gevers, C., Clifford, P., Mager, M., & Boer, F. (2006). Brief report: a theory of mind based social cognition training program for school aged children with pervasive developmental disorders: an open study of its effectiveness. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(4), 567-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0095-0
Girli, A. & Tekin, D. (2010a). Investigating false belief levels of typically developed children and children with autism. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 1951-1954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.261
Girli, A. & Tekin, D. (2010b). İleri Düzey Zihin Kuramı Testleri İle Otizmli ve Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Zihin Kuramı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. 20. Özel Eğitim Kongresi’nde sunulmuş bildiri, Gaziantep.
Girli, A., & Tekin, D. (2011). Investigating mothers’ empathic inclination and mind reading levels from eyes that have children with autism and typically developing children. 2nd International Conference on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 27-29 April, Antalya, TURKEY, Siyasal Kitapevi, 1061-1064, ISBN: 978-605-5782-62-7.
Granti, T. (2004). The Relationship Between Metacognitive Vocabulary and Theory of Mind Development. Unpublished master’s thesis, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul.
Girli, A. (2014). Psychometric properties of the Turkish child and adult form of “reading the mind in the eyes test†Psychology, 5, 1321-1337 Published Online August 2014 in SciRes. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.511143.
Golan, O., Baron-Cohen, S., & Golan, Y. (2008). The “reading the minds in films†task (child version): complex emotion and mental state in children with and without autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(8), 1534-1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0533-7
Harkness, K. L., Sabbagh, M. A., Jacobson, J. A., Chowdrey, N. K., & Chen, T. (2005). Enhanced accuracy of mental state decoding in dysphoric college students. Cognition and Emotion, 19(7), 999-1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699930541000110
Hale, C. M., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2005). Social communication in children with autism: The relationship between Theory of Mind and discourse development. Autism, 9(2), 157-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361305051395
Happé, F. G. E. (1994). An Advanced Test of Theory of Mind: Understanding of story characters thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(2), 129-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02172093
Hogrefe. G. J., Wimmer. H., & Perner, J. (1986). Ignorance versus false belief: a developmental lag in attribution of epistemic states. Child Development, 57(3). 567-582. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1130337
Hoogenhout, M., Malcolm-Smith, S. (2014). Theory of mind in autism spectrum disorder: Does DSM classification predict development? Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(6), 597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.02.005
Howlin, P., Baron-Cohen, S., & Hadwin, J. (1999). Teaching children with autism to mind-read: a practical guide. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons.
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