Development and initial psychometric evaluation of digital literacy and resilience scales among university students in ASEAN
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Abstract
The transition to Society 5.0 requires all individuals, including university students, to adapt to digitalization and information technology. Ensuring students develop the necessary competencies for digital education is essential to prevent them from being left behind. While studies on digital literacy and efficiency in the context of Society 5.0 exist, research focusing specifically on Southeast Asian university students remains limited. This study aims to develop and validate a digital literacy and digital resilience scale for students in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Timor Leste. The initial instrument comprised 45 items measuring five dimensions of digital literacy, which include information and data literacy, communication and collaboration, digital content creation, security, and problem-solving. It also included 29 items assessing four factors of digital resilience, which are knowing, understanding, learning, and recovery. A total of 864 students participated, with 34 percent male and 66 percent female. Psychometric testing involved exploratory factor analysis using JASP 0.16.3.0 and confirmatory factor analysis. The final scale consists of 27 valid and reliable items, with 16 measuring digital literacy and 11 measuring digital resilience. Confirmatory factor analysis results indicate that the models are well-fitted. This instrument provides a valuable tool for assessing students' digital literacy and resilience, supporting efforts to enhance digital competencies in higher education.
Keywords: ASEAN; digital literacy; digital resilience; students
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